GLOSSARIES

Glossary

BTL – Biomass-to-Liquid

CAFE – Corporate Average Fuel Economy

CCS – Carbon Capture and Storage

CO2 e – Carbon Dioxide Equivalents

COFCO – China National Cereals, Oils and Foodstuffs Corporation

CTL – Coal-to-Liquid

DDGS – Distiller’s Dried Grains with Solubles

DLUC – Direct Land-Use Change

FAME – Fatty Acid Methyl Esters

FFV – Flex-fuel Vehicle

GHG – Greenhouse Gas

GM – Genetically Modified

GT – Giga Tonnes

GTL – Gas-to-Liquid

HDPE – High Density Polyethylene

HRJ – Hydrotreated Renewable Jet (Fuel)

IEA – International Energy Agency

ILUC – Indirect Land-Use Change

IPCC – Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

LCFS – Low-carbon Fuel Standard

MJ – Mega Joules

MMT – Million Metric Tonnes

MSW – Municipal Solid Waste

MT – Metric Tonnes

OEM – Original Equipment Manufacturer

PE – Polyethylene

PHA – Polyhydroxyalkanoates

PLA – Polylactic Acid

PPO – Pure Plant Oil

PVC – Polyvinyl Chloride

SNG – Synthetic Natural Gas

US$ – United States Dollars

WVO – Waste Vegetable Oil

Glossary

Agroforestry system: system of production that combines the simultaneous cultivation of fruit and/or timber trees with agricultural practices.
Apiculture: also known as beekeeping, it is the name given to the system of raising bees to produce honey and related products.
APPs (Permanent Preservation Areas): sites with or without vegetation, located close to water sources, on the banks of rivers and streams, around reservoirs, in restingas, on the fringes of tableland, areas above 1,800 meters in altitude, slopes of 45º or more, and the tops of hills, the environmental function of which is to preserve water resources, the landscape, geological stability, biodiversity, and the genetic flux of fauna and flora, to protect the soil and ensure the well-being of the human population.
Archaeological sites: locations where there are vestiges of pre-historic human occupation.
Atlantic Forest biome: a collection of forests and pioneer formations (such as restingas and mangroves) found along the Brazilian coastal belt, between the states of Rio Grande do Sul and Piauí.
Barges: also known as lighters, these are flat bottomed boats with a shallow draft , which Fibria uses to transport forest products (wood and pulp) from Bahia to Portocel, the maritime terminal located in Aracruz (Espírito Santo State). Fibrias barges are not self propelled, but are pushed by tugs.
Biodiversity: the combination of life forms (living organisms and ecological complexes) and genes contained within each individual, and their inter-relationships, or ecosystems, whereby the existence of any given species directly affects the others. UN Convention on Biodiversity definition: the variability among living organisms from all sources and the ecological complexes of which they are part, including diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems.
Biodiversity corridors: strips of vegetation linking large forest fragments (or blocks of native vegetation) that have become isolated by human activity, thereby providing local fauna with unhindered movement between these fragments and consequent genetic exchange between populations.
Biomass: organic matter used to generate electricity, through burning, or the burning of fuel derivatives (oils, gases, alcohol), and employing special techniques and technology. Part of the energy consumed at Fibria’s industrial units is generated from biomass, such as wood and the waste from the manufacturing process (black liquor).
Biotechnology: technology that employs biological agents (organisms, cells, organelles or molecules) to produce useful products.
Bleached eucalyptus pulp: the product of the industrial extraction and subsequent bleaching of cellulose fibers from wood. The transformation of the wood into bleached pulp (pulping) involves four main processes: reducing the wood to chips; cooking the chips to extract the brown stock; bleaching the brown stock; and drying and baling of the bleached pulp.
Chain of Custody (CoC): certification of the traceability of forest raw materials through all the stages until it reaches the end customer.
Cloned seedlings: seedlings of plants that are genetically identical, developed from the cells or fragments of a “donor” plant.
Cloning: process whereby one obtains a clone – a genetically identical copy. In the case of the eucalyptus, cloning is performed using cuttings from selected trees.
Corporate governance: system whereby organizations are run, monitored and stimulated, involving relations between the stakeholders, Supervisory Board, Management Board and internal and external regulatory bodies.
EBITDA: stands for “earnings before deducting interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization”. The term is utilized in the analysis of the accounting statements of publicly listed companies.
Eco-efficiency: providing goods (or services), at competitive prices, that satisfy human needs and yield quality of life, involving a steady reduction in environmental impact and the consumption of natural resources in the manufacturing, transporting and commercializing of said goods (or services).
Edaphic resources: qualities of the soil, such as mineral content, texture and drainage, particularly in regard to its usefulness to man.
Effluent: liquid waste that is discharged into the environment, usually bodies of water.
Emissions: the discharging into the atmosphere of any solid, liquid or gaseous material.
Forest management: the management of a forest in order to obtain economic and social benefits, while respecting the mechanisms that sustain the ecosystem.
Forest partnerships: the sponsored production of wood on private rural properties in order to supply the forestry industry (pulp mills, sawmills, steel plants, etc.).
Forest protection: set of activities designed to protect forests from pests, diseases, fires and weeds or anything else that might come to threaten forest assets.
Genetic improvement: the use of science for the selection and reproduction of plants or animals bearing desirable characteristics, based on knowledge about the heredity of such characteristics.
Genetic material: the material found in cells that contains the genetic information of living organisms.
Hectare (ha): a unit of measurement of area, corresponding to 10,000 m², approximately equivalent to the area of a soccer pitch.
Herbicides: chemical product used to control or eliminate undesirable plants or weeds.
HCVAs (High Conservation Value Areas): an area that has certain, biological, ecological, social or cultural attributes that are considered to be exceptional or critical, from a global, national, regional or local perspective, and are therefore places of special interest to the local community or to society in general. Such areas need to be managed in a suitable manner, in order to maintain or enhance their conservation value.
Hydrographic watershed: a small drainage system, basically comprising gullies, springs, brooks and streams.
Joint-venture: a business enterprise in which two or more companies are involved in a partnership.
Legal Reserve (RL): an area of any given rural property, not including APPs, which is set aside for the sustainable use of the natural resources, the conservation and rehabilitation of the ecological processes, the conservation of the biodiversity, and the sheltering and protection of the native fauna and flora. The law specifies that the legal reserve must represent not less than 20% of the total area of the rural property.
NGO (Non-governmental organization): a non-profit civil society association set up for a public purpose.
Pesticides: products used for the extermination of pests or diseases that attack agricultural crops.
RPPNs (Private Natural Heritage Reserves): conservation units located on private land and set up at the initiative of the landowner.
Stakeholders: interested parties who affect and/or are affected by the company’s activities.
Sustainability: a concept that gained force in the 1980s, through the expression “sustainable development”, meaning being able to satisfy one’s needs without diminishing the opportunities of future generations (Brundtland Report, 1987). Sustainability is based on three pillars: environmental, social and economic. That means that, for an activity to be sustainable, it must promote economic growth while, at the same time, respecting the environment and satisfying human needs and aspirations.
tCO₂eq: measurement for the converting and standardizing of greenhouse gases in terms of carbon dioxide (CO₂), taking into consideration the potential greenhouse effect of each gas. By reducing the causes of the greenhouse effect to a single factor, it facilitates the measuring of the impact a given activity can have on the temperature of the earth’s atmosphere.
tCO₂eq /t pulp: Tons of carbon dioxide equivalent per ton of pulp.
TRS (Total Reduced Sulfur): a range of sulfur compounds are generated in the pulp production and, under certain circumstances of the process, mill location and meteorological conditions, a characteristic odor can be released into the atmosphere.
Waste: materials in a solid or semi-solid state, generated by the activities of a community, industrial or commercial business, homes, hospitals, agriculture, services and street cleaning. The term also includes certain liquids that, due to their characteristics, should not be disposed of in the public sewage system, much less bodies of water.
Water cycle: the set of different phases through which water passes under natural conditions, chief among which are: rain, evaporation, transpiration, infiltration, surface run-off and underground seepage. This cycle occurs within the atmosphere (air), the hydrosphere (water) and the lithosphere (land), extending between a depth of around 1 km into the lithosphere and roughly 15 km into the atmosphere.

AAU: Assigned Amount Unit

AER: alternative Energy Requirement. This is the scheme through which the Irish Government awards contracts to the producers of electricity from renewable sources and from peat.

AMWS: annual mean wind speed ash: the material left after complete combustion of a fuel. for clean wood usually about 0.5 to 1 % on dry weight basis.

BFB: Bubbling fluidised bed

BNE: Best New Entrant

Biomass: Biomass is the biodegradable fraction of products, waste and residues from agriculture (including vegetal and animal substances), forestry and related industries, as well as the biodegradable fraction of industrial and municipal waste.

Bioenergy: Bioenergy is the general term used to denote renewable energy derived from biomass.

Basic density: ratio of the mass on dry basis and the solid volume on green basis

Bark: organic cellular tissue which is formed by taller plants (trees and bushes) on the outside of the growth zone (cambium) as a shell for the wooden body

Biofuel: fuel produced directly or indirectly from biomass

Bridging: tendency of particles to form a stable arch across an opening and hindering flow

Bulk density: the ratio of the mass on wet basis and the solid volume bulk volume: volume of a material including space between the particles

CCGT: Combined cycle gas turbine

CDM: Clean development mechanism

CER: Commission for Energy Regulation

CER: Certified emission reductions CFB: Circulating fluidised bed

CHP: Combined heat and power

CM: Centimetre

CO: carbon monoxide, poisonous gas

CO2: Carbon dioxide

COP: Conference of Parties

COFORD: Council for Forest Research and Development

Calorific value: energy amount per unit mass or volume released on complete combustion

Chips: see wood chips

Chunkwood: wood cut with sharp cutting devices in which most of the material has a typical length, substantially longer and more coarse than wood chips. Chunkwood has a typical length of 50 to 150 mm

DCMNR: Department of the Communications, Marine and Natural Resources

DM: Dry matter

DAFF: Department of Agriculture and Food and Forestry. DAFF, through the Forest Service, is responsible for forest policy in Ireland. demolition wood: used wood arising from demolition of buildings or civil engineering installations

Demolition wood: used wood arising from demolition of buildings or civil engineering installations

EC: European Commission

ERU: Emission Reduction Units

ESB: Electricity Supply Board

ESRI: Economic and Social Research Institute

ET: Emissions trading

EU: European Union

FBC: Fluidised bed combustion

Firewood: cut and split oven-ready fuelwood used in household burning appliances like stoves, fireplaces and central heating systems

GBP: Pounds, sterling

GHG: Greenhouse gas

GJ: Gigajoule

GW: Gigawatt

GWh: Gigawatt-hour

Green chips: wood chips made of fresh logging and thinning residues, including branches, tops and needles/leaves

H: Hour

Ha: Hectare heating value: energy amount per unit mass or volume released on complete combustion

Hog fuel: fuelwood in the form of pieces of varying size and shape, produced by crushing with blunt tools such as rollers, hammers, teeth or flails

IGCC: Integrated gasification combined cycle

IPP: Independent Power Producer

IPPC: Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control

ITC: Irish Timber Council

JI: Joint implementation

kg: Kilogram

kTOE: Kilo tonnes of oil equivalent

kW: Kilowatt kWe: Kilowatt electrical

kWh: Kilowatt-hour

Loose volume: volume of a material including air space between the particles

Logging residues: woody biomass residues which are created during timber harvesting. they include tree tops and branches.

M: Metre MJ: Megajoule

Mtoe: Millions of tonnes of oil equivalent

MW: Megawatt

MWe: Megawatt electrical

MWh: Megawatt-hour

MWth: Megawatt thermal moisture content, wet basis: moisture content as a percentage of the total wet weight of a sample. Used in the wood for energy sector. moisture content, dry basis: the moisture content expressed as a percentage of the dry weight of the sample. Mainly used in saw mill and board industry.

NCCS: National Climate Change Strategy

NFFO: Non-fossil fuel obligation NGO: Non-government organisations

NOx: Oxides of nitrogen net calorific value: The calorific value of the fuel in MJ/kg at the moisture content as received.

OPW: Office of Public Works

Oven dry wood: wood, free of moisture, produced by drying to constant weight at 105 degrees Celsius

PPA: Power Purchase Agreement

PSO: Public Service Order

Pellets: see wood pellets

R&D: Research and development

REA: Renewable Energy Sources Act

RES: Renewable energy source

RES-E: Renewable electricity source ¿ electricity

RMU: Emission Removal Unit

SEAI: Sustainable Energy Authority Ireland

SOx: Oxides of sulphur SRC: short rotation coppice (harvesting every 2-3 years)

SRF: Short Rotation Forestry (harvesting after 5 to 15 years)

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T: Tonne, metric

TFC: Total Final Consumption

TGC: Tradable green certificate

TPER: Total Primary Energy Requirement

TWh: Terawatt-hour tree section: part of a tree (with branches) which has been cut into suitable length, but not processed.

UNFCCC: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

V: Volt

VAT: Value added tax.

Wood pellets: woody biomass which has been densified under high temperature and pressure. They have usually a cylindrical shape and a diameter of 4 to 25 mm.

Whole tree: felled, underlimbed tree, excluding root system.

Wood chips: chipped woody biomass in the form of pieces with a defined particle size produced by mechanical treatment with sharp tools such as knives. wood chips have typical length of 5-50 mm and a low thickness as compared to the other dimensions.

Wood briquettes: woody biomass that has been compressed into solid blocks either with a cylindrical shape of over 25 mm diameter or in other shapes such as rectangular, octogonal etc.

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